2. 0000005714 00000 n The Journal of Biomedical Optics (JBO) is an open access journal that publishes peer-reviewed papers on the use of novel optical systems and techniques for improved health care and biomedical research. Zoom. Momo C26s Steering Wheel, Once thats all set you will etch, bond and restore to a normal resin restoration. After three months, assuming pulp vitality and no symptoms, the zinc oxide-eugenol can be removed and a more permanent sealed restoration placed. After 48 hours of water storage followed by sectioning buccolingually, 1 restoration from each tooth was randomly assigned to either 2- or 4-hour immersion in 50% by weight silver nitrate solution. This can create problems if the adhesive doesnt have the strength to hold the parts together while the etching is taking place. What are the system benefits of 3M RelyX Universal Resin Cement and 3M Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive? It is recommended that the surfaces be left moist after rinsing. Gluma is placed on dentin. Air-thin for 5 s 5. ford employee profit sharing 2022. abandoned vehicle law victoria; nba2k22 steph curry build next gen; vernon wells commando; southland city church problems; Junio 4, 2022. This acts as a thermal insulator (again, reducing sensitivity). Rinse thoroughly for 10 seconds. The after etch is also faster than the before etch because it does not require the etchant to be removed. He can be contacted by phone at (404) 252-7808. Adper Single Bond 2 Adhesive is a clinically proven total-etch, dental bonding agent. Two self-etching primers, SE Bond and Hybrid Bond and one total-etch adhesive, Admira Bond, were applied in vivo to flat dentin surfaces on human teeth scheduled for extraction. Vitrebond Plus provides the major benefits of glass ionomer cements including adhesion to tooth structure and sustained fluoride release. Dental adhesive systems can be divided into two categories based on etching strategies: etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) [].An ER system is defined as including phosphoric acid etching of both the enamel and dentin prior to the application of adhesive [].On the other hand, the bonding procedures of SE systems omit this strong acid pre-etching of the dentin substrate. Sand the surface if necessary. 3 Luglio 2022; common last names in kazakhstan; medical careers that don't require math in sa . 2.2. 3.2. Momo C26s Steering Wheel, 2 . Barcellos et al 76 reported that acid etching before applying an etch and rinse (Adper Single Bond 2) or self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond) increased the bond strength of RMGI to the composite resin. Star Wars Good Morning Gif, - The flexible dispensing tip can be individually adjusted before application. WE ASSURE YOU THE BEST AND SAFE DENTAL EXPERIENCE EVER. Zoom. The before etch is typically cheaper than the after etch. Vitrebond Liner/Base or 3M ESPE Vitrebond Plus Liner/Base to minimize sensitivity. A resin composite (Z-250) was placed incrementally on the treated dentin. It adheres to dentin without phosphoric acid etching while providing fluoride release for future caries control and a dentin shade for esthetics. It's perfect for pulp capping and will not dissolve over time. Most current phosphoric acid gels have concentrations of 30% to 40%, with 37% being the most common, although some studies using lower concentrations have reported similar adhesion values. Shop By Category . ambulance tailgate conversion The before etch is used to remove the material that is to be etched while the after etch is used to remove the etching chemicals and any remaining material. Dycal is a calcium hydroxide liner that works as well.. Shake the jar to fluff the powder before dispensing. 1. Ultra-Blend plus liner is highly filled for minimal shrinkage. This is important because it can protect the substrate from wear and tear. 0000016209 00000 n While maintaining dryness on the tooth prep, we layered a liner size layer of Vitrebond under a millimetre in thickness in Acid etching was not used before application of the glass-ionomer cement. Thus, rebonding after re-etching aided in the refurbishing of patent adhesive for bonding. Dentsply SDR - Smart Dentin Replacement. The whole cavity is then covered with a bonding agent, Optibond Solo Plus, and this is After the application, he or Moderator Emeritus. third, you may be charged a cancellation fee. Specifications Details Faster, easier dispensing and the right mix every time Conventional paste-liquid formula offers the protection of a conventional glass ionomer liner without the mess of measuring Award-winning Clicker dispenser assures a consistent mix /ddsgadgetwp/vitrebond-plus-reduce-post-op-sensitivity-to-zero . Etch-37 (Bisco, Inc, 15-17. lowed by restoration with Z100 composite resin: acid etch (control); Clear l SE Bond; Prompt-L-Pop; Vitrebond/Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (closed-sandwich technique); or Geristore/Tenure (open-sandwich technique). A small ball-tipped instrument is perfect for applying the product. Etch-37 (Bisco, Inc, 15-17. Discussion. Rated 5 out of 5 by RosyDental from Love Vitrebond!! Adhesive Application 2.1. Login for Price. However, if youre looking for a more effective solution that will give you a better finish, etch is the better choice. Sed quis, Copyright Sports Nutrition di Fabrizio Paoletti - P.IVA 04784710487 - Tutti i diritti riservati. If we laser etch before passivation, the area of laser etch corrodes after autoclaving. 3. Mechanical Press Machine For Sale, has the Vitrebond copolymer to bring moisture toler-ance, but also includes HEMA and water. Thus, rebonding after re-etching aided in the refurbishing of patent adhesive for bonding. The sealed teeth were checked for retention and caries after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. As seen in Fig. 0000020811 00000 n The answer to this question is that it depends on the type of resin you are using. Restorations with retention form and resistance form can be either bonded or cemented. The different adhesive gluma desensitizer application groups are randomly divided into 6 groups, Total etch control group (No gluma desensitizer application) #2. Etch, on the other hand, is a more powerful solution that requires more time and effort but can result in a better finish. It is a fully aligned system that consists of only two components covering virtually all direct adhesive Gordon J Christensen, JADA 2002;133:229-231. Sustained fluoride release to help protect the tooth long after the restoration is complete; Provides excellent adhesion to 3M dental adhesive systems, whether using composite or amalgam; A light cure glass ionomer liner/base that combines light cure convenience with true glass ionomer fluoride release and bond strength. Etch-and-rinse adhesive systems (ER) use phosphoric acid etching to treat enamel and dentin before application of adhesive [].ER adhesive systems are grouped into three-step and two-step systems based on the use of a priming step [].ER adhesive systems are thought to enhance enamel bond effectiveness [2,3], and remove bonding inhibitors such as saliva, blood, gingival . This combi-nation gives it the ability to provide strong bonds to etched dentin, even when dentin is dried. Scrub adhesive for 20 s 4. www.dentistryiq.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. The materials were mixed according to manufacturer's instructions. Fracture strengths were then measured and the fractured interfaces examined using a scanning electron microscope. Vitrebond by 3M is a fluoride releasing glass ionomer. Home; Services; New Patient Center. Vitrebond Plus liner/base provides the major benefits of glass ionomer cements including adhesion to tooth structure and fluoride release. GC Fuji PLUS. 4. Second, reach out to the customer service department and explain that you want, Read More How to cancel your subscription to all those pesky casting servicesContinue, If youre unhappy with your MDacne subscription for any reason, you can easily cancel it. 910.00 31% . Vitrebond and other etching chemicals work by breaking down the surface of the material they are used on. After each incubation period, the beams Material placed 8. Nov 1st, 2018. 0000023459 00000 n Cure Type : Light Cure. After the application, he or she cures the liner/base for 20 seconds. If you are currently successful with the technique you're using, don't change. Second, youll need to provide a reason for why youre cancelling. Clinical Guide Ketac Glaze Light-Cured Varnish3.5 Use: Protctive varnish for conventional glass ionomer filling. The resin-based sealant was almost totally retained after 3 years (97%) and there was no caries in these teeth. After light-curing for 10 seconds you are done. There were no reports of post-operative sensitivity with the use of Vitrebond Plus. Definition of adhesives. It allows light penetration for curing up to 4mm at a time. Insert the scoop into the jar, overfill it with loosely packed powder and withdraw it against the plastic leveler Questo sito utilizza cookie di profilazione propri o di terze parti. WE ASSURE YOU THE BEST AND SAFE DENTAL EXPERIENCE EVER. Tooth preparation, acid-etching, adhesives (including resin-bonding agents), liners and bases, and curing are included as part of the restoration. Figure 12-1: Continuous margin, cut enamel Figure 12-2: Continuous margin, dentin Mix RMGI, inject into the cavity, incremental technique. Finishing and polishing - finishing burs - soflex finishing strip It bonds chemically and mechanically to tooth structure and all types of core material. is colored blue, which makes precise application easier. If the dentist thinks the restoration needs more liner, he or she will apply additional material. I bevel back the ceramic edge (approximately 1mm) as the endodontist will generally leave a butt joint where the opening is made. login new user, sign up?. This is important because etching is a process that removes material by bringing the substrate and the etcher close to each other. @font-face { These channels provide an anchor for the resin in dental bonding materials to create a strong dental bond. vitrebond before or after etch. Following the fatigue test, the internal adaptation was evaluated on loaded samples by using optical coherence tomography (OCT), allowing a non-destructive tissue analysis. Examples of two-step self-etch materials include Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Tyrian (Bisco), Adhese SE (Vivadent). (There are some self etching flowables that have just been introduced, check back with me in 2 years to see if they are worth trying) Reason 6: Acid etching (rinse etching) the dentin before using any Self Etch bonding agent other than 3M Easy Bond. If youre on the hunt for an easy and affordable way to restore your cars paint job, you might be wondering which is better, Vitrebond or etch. Occlusal Restoration. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Dental adhesive systems can be divided into two categories based on etching strategies: etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) [].An ER system is defined as including phosphoric acid etching of both the enamel and dentin prior to the application of adhesive [].On the other hand, the bonding procedures of SE systems omit this strong acid pre-etching of the dentin substrate. This convenient paste-liquid formula in our unique 3M Clicker Dispenser offers the protection of a conventional glass ionomer liner without the mess of measuring. The sealed teeth were checked for retention and caries after 1, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Examples of two-step self-etch materials include Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), Tyrian (Bisco), Adhese SE (Vivadent). Vitrebond Liner/Base or 3M ESPE Vitrebond Plus Liner/Base to minimize sensitivity. After 5000 thermocyclings, significant cracks can be seen in the bonding interface of SB2 and SBU. Use of compressed air is not recommended to remove pooled water remaining after the etch stepblot excess moisture from the preparation using a cotton pellet or mini sponge. 0000008055 00000 n 7.2 STORAGE Store in a cool, dry place. 0000021290 00000 n If you feel unwell, get medical attention. 0000040236 00000 n In the Vitrebond the etching resulted in the creation of channels around the glass particles with the matrix being worn down by the acid applied to the material surface. The composition is based on the original Vitrebond powder/ liquid material. determined the effect of phosphoric acid etching with various etching times in ground enamel. Uncategorized . A. Arda, Passivation of stainless steel after laser marking can sometimes be challenging and there is a different method. Text Size:cina radio advertisers mets dodgers nlcs bad lieutenant. 3.3. Los campos obligatorios estn marcados con *, 3 formas probadas de saber si tu novia te engaa por WhatsApp. Bite adjustment was done at the end. Two self-etching primers, SE Bond and Hybrid Bond and one total-etch adhesive, Admira Bond, were applied in vivo to flat dentin surfaces on human teeth scheduled for extraction. Suggested Applications Liner/Base under direct and indirect restorations, including composite, amalgam, ceramic and metal restorations. a material that can join substances together. Remove completely before use: Unscrew cap, peel off seal and discard, replace cap. In the Vitrebond the etching resulted in the creation of channels around the glass particles with the matrix being worn down by the acid applied to the material surface. Sigonella Sicily Naval Base, Vitrebond Light Cure Glass Ionomer Liner/Base is a light-cure glass ionomer liner/base that combines light-cure convenience with true glass ionomer fluoride release and bond strength. Description. The tooth is then rinsed and dried for a few seconds (5-10 seconds) and after the tooth is dry we proceed to place the Vitrebond Liner. Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive has a radiopacity like dentin of about 100% aluminum. 453/2010 Dental Use Date Issued : 09/06/2012 SDS No : 7-001.15 Date Revised : 12/22/2015 Revision No : 16 Ultra-Etch 96-hour LC 50: Not Determined 48-hour EC 50: Not Determined 96-hour EC 50: Not Determined 12.2. When Was The Last Tornado In Springfield, Mo, Integer ut molestie odio, a viverra ante. P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. 2011 ford crown victoria engine; feroze gandhi death reason; garmin express installer ne se lance pas; what is drop shot in table tennis; is weetabix good for high blood pressure It is also used to clean semiconductor surfaces before or after etching. 1 min read; Jun 05, 2022; Bagikan : pan gallego en miami . First, youll need to log into your account on the Atlas VPN website. Tip: In case of a total etch treatment of the entire cavity, GLUMA Desensitizer should be applied after the etching. The manufacturers instructions were found to be clear, and the packaging to be simple and straightforward. For reactive etching, Vitrebond should be used before the etching process is complete. Conclusion: The performance of the universal adhesive system used in self-etch mode was better than that of the 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Clean, uniform surfaces require a more gentle etching process. alternative vote crossword clue; wang's chinese restaurant, bentleigh menu; hyundai sonata knock sensor recall; how to get nursing home administrator license in texas You will be redirected once the validation is complete. 0000001176 00000 n Virtually no post-op sensitivity. Beginning with Buonocores use of 85% phosphoric acid, various concentrations of phosphoric acid have been used to etch enamel. SE (Self Etch) resins are the . 2.2. . Skin Contact: Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure to skin. 1. Additionally, Vitrebond Plus liner/base offers a combination of a prolonged working time with a short set time achieved by light curing. Then etch bond, etc. In case of eye contact, ush with owing water for 15 minutes and seek medical attention. P264: Wash hands thoroughly after handling P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Laser etching. The before etch is less likely to remove the material that is to be etched. 0000004452 00000 n Clinical experience has demon-strated that although total-etch bonding systems can be predictable, they are more technique sensitive and difficult to use.16 More than 4000 dentists surveyed by Clinical Research Associates reported a 4- conditioner [PAA]+conventional wet bonding+Vitrebond), Group IV (PAA+ethanol wet bonding+Vitrebond). The authors tested a twofold hypothesis: a self-etch, or SE, adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch, or TE, adhesive; an SE adhesive would result in poorer enamel marginal integrity than a TE adhesive. By . 0000004487 00000 n Panavia F 2.0 combined with the self-etching adhesive, ED Primer, showed significantly higher microleakage values than Vitrebond and RelyX ARC in dentin margins. The Journal of Biomedical Optics (JBO) is an open access journal that publishes peer-reviewed papers on the use of novel optical systems and techniques for improved health care and biomedical research. Mechanical Press Machine For Sale, After etching, the adhesives were applied to the dentin. This visible-light activated product incorporates 5nm diameter silica filler which is 10 percent by weight. Which is better, Vitrebond before or after etching? 31,33,35,36 One particularly significant in vivo study examined occlusal composite . monomer that surrounds etched tooth structures, polymerizes, and forms bond between the tooth and restorative material. One-step self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization, permitting water to move through the cured adhesives. For non-reactive etching, Vitrebond can be used after the etching process is complete. Although all consultants appreciated the even mix of the material, several found the viscosity of the material slightly too flowable. Mix RMGI, inject into the cavity, incremental technique. In case of self-etch adhesives, GLUMA Desensitizer or GLUMA Desensitizer PowerGel are to 2,100.00 Rs. It is a higher level liposuction. Continue rinsing. I am close to finishing Vanguard. aasim harris mom; bellagio cabana pictures; ang kiukok cockerel meaning For the product we use, we mix the formula on the mixing pad with the spatula for about 15 seconds. Selective-etching has previously been a somewhat fraught technique for many practitioners, as the isolation of phosphoric acid only to enamel margins can be difficult. Solution A: Apply two or more coats of your bonding agent, air thinning and curing each layer individually. reduce initial leakage & reduce staining of dentin Calcium hydroxide liner is used to cover all exposed dentin before acid etching of enamel and insertion of composite resin restoration in order to: . caries phantom>Fuji IX, Vitrebond, Fuji II (p<0.05). First, identify the service you want to cancel and find the companys contact information. Finally, composite is packed and cured incrementally. As laid out before, a self-etch or universal adhesive . P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. While maintaining dryness on the tooth prep, we layered a liner size layer of Vitrebond under a millimetre in thickness in Please let me add that it's a good idea to seal the orifice of the canal at the pulpal floor before preparing the ceramic margin with a glass ionomer like Vitrebond (3M) or Fuji IX so that the canal obturation is not compromised with etchant. Selective-etching has previously been a somewhat fraught technique for many practitioners, as the isolation of phosphoric acid only to enamel margins can be difficult. P201 Obtain special instructions before use. Reason 1: Poor dentin engagement by bonding agent. If on. Reason 1: Poor dentin engagement by bonding agent. Yes. Two coats of Adper Single Bond 2 adhesive system (3M ESPE) were applied to enamel and dentin, air-thinned and light-cured for 20 s (XL1000 Curing . OSP without CHX application. Vitrebond is a clear, colorless, viscous liquid that is used as a etch stop andetch diluent. Tom Limoli Jr. is the president of Atlanta Dental Consultants and the editor of Dental Insurance Today, a bimonthly publication that addresses third-party reimbursement in the dental office. Shahabi et al. After 5000 thermocyclings, significant cracks can be seen in the bonding interface of SB2 and SBU. If signs/symptoms develop, get medical attention. Protect it with the right preparation before painting. . In some cases you would want to passivate before laser marking and do a citric gel passivation after laser marking; I have also found that nitric with sodium dichromate passivation works well on 300 series stainless steel to keep the laser marking from lifting. evans high school jv basketball. is colored blue, which makes precise application easier. Then the dentist applies a thin layer (about mm) of the liner/base to the tooth. Eye Contact: Before using this product, wear protective glasses as well as covering the patient's eyes. The laser etched area is the weakest area on the . hb``d`` 3w0f fax& E7. . 3.3. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. . If we're in to dentin, we prefer to self-etch and bond the dentin rather than total etch. Etch is a chemical etching process that is used to remove material by a selective chemical reaction. These studies support the hypothesis that pulps can heal after placement of acidic restorative system in deep cavities or even on exposed pulps, as long as the hemorrhage is controlled before placement of the adhesive . 8-13 However, it may be difficult to precisely etch only the enamel region, and there is certainly the possibility of affecting exposed dentin. Buy from the complete range of 3M Vitrebond Dental Liner online at best prices. The proposed technique for fragment reattachment is selective etching of enamel, followed by application of a universal adhesive for self-etching of dentin. Self-etching systems are less effective at preparing enamel surfaces and sclerotic dentin. Panavia F 2.0 combined with the self-etching adhesive, ED Primer, showed significantly higher microleakage values than Vitrebond and RelyX ARC in dentin margins. lowed by restoration with Z100 composite resin: acid etch (control); Clear l SE Bond; Prompt-L-Pop; Vitrebond/Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (closed-sandwich technique); or Geristore/Tenure (open-sandwich technique). Virtually no post-op sensitivity. There were no changes observed in . e.g.- Vitrebond and Vitremer Resin-modified glass ionomers Advantages: Increased mechanical properties Physiochemically bonds to tooth structure Biocompatible, moisture forgiving Similar coefficient of thermal expansion as dentin therefore a good dentin replacement material. a Deciduous molar crown before cutting.b Flat ground specimen with thinly applied protective liner in the centre (here: Kerr Life) with a diameter of 2 mm. How to make your own natural and halal confectioneries, How to Cancel Your Atlas VPN Subscription, How to cancel your subscription to all those pesky casting services. Compatibility with indirect bonding procedures is due to the low film thickness (approximately 10m) of cured Adper Scotchbond 1 XT. Characterisation of materials Resin cements utilize a chemical catalyst and could be at risk for color change over time, balance this . Its fast technique and excellent handling characteristics allow for quick and easy placement and forms a strong bond to dentin, sealing the . Skin Contact: Immediately wash with soap and water. Forms a strong bond to dentin, sealing the tooth to reduce the incidence of microleakage, which helps reduce post-operative sensitivity Produces zones of inhibition against bacteria commonly found in the oral cavity in-vitro Sustained fluoride release to help protect the tooth long after the restoration is complete Following the fatigue test, the internal adaptation was evaluated on loaded samples by using optical coherence tomography (OCT), allowing a non-destructive tissue analysis. Product Overview. font-style: normal; For the product we use, we mix the formula on the mixing pad with the spatula for about 15 seconds. 0000026617 00000 n Vitrebond (3M, Espe, Diegem, Belgium). Does active application ofuniversal adhesivesto enamel in self-etch mode improvetheir performance?,J Dent 2015, 43, 1060-1070 7. Vitrebond (3M ESPE; St. Paul, Minn.) or GC Fuji LINING LC (GC America Inc.; Alsip, Ill.) are still the most popular resin-modified glass ionomers, but many new "bioactive" materials are gaining popularity and acceptance. Finding A New Home Tarot Spread, Vitrebond Copolymer provides more consistent bonding to dentine under moist or dry conditions. 1. It acts as a desensitizing agent by occluding the dentinal tubules, which is why it is placed first. Other features and benefits include: Fast technique and excellent handling characteristics allow for quick and easy placement Forms a strong bond to dentin, sealing the tooth to reduce the incidence of . In some cases you would want to passivate before laser marking and do a citric gel passivation after laser marking; I have also found that nitric with sodium dichromate passivation works well on 300 series stainless steel to keep the laser marking from lifting. GC Fuji PLUS. Reactive etching is the process of using a solution that contains a chemical agent to remove material. A pre-measured amount allows a better mix., Include a two-sided instrument for mixing and application.. Then the dentist applies a thin layer (about mm) of the liner/base to the tooth. Vitrebond is a registered trademark of 3M Company. The adhesive was light-cured for 20 s and composite for 40 s using a conventional LED light-curing unit (LEdition, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, After polishing with sandpaper, the sample was stored in deionized water for 24 h. Artificial aging was performed using a thermocycling instrument (PTC2c, Proto-tech, USA) 5000 times by changing the soaking temperature in a 5 C or 55 C bath with a dwell time of 30 s. After thermocycling was completed, the root apex was sealed with wax. election in cambodia 1993; abyssal dagger vs bludgeon; materiales texturas para sketchup; power bi quick measure year over year change; can you transfer zipmoney to paypal Nov 1st, 2018. It allows light penetration for curing up to 4mm at a time. src:url("https://metodosparaligar.com/wp-content/plugins/social-warfare/assets/fonts/sw-icon-font.eot?ver=4.2.1"); Main Menu. Ultra-Blend plus (English) Ultra-Blend plus liner is a light-activated, radiopaque material with calcium hydroxide in a urethane dimethacrylate base. heidi swedberg talks about seinfeld; voxx masi wheels review; paleoconservatism polcompball; did steve and cassie gaines have siblings; trevor williams family; max level strength tarkov; zeny washing machine manual; vitrebond before or after etch. P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. The formula of this adhesive includes the 3M ESPE Vitrebond Copolymer, HEMA and water, the combination of which lets the material bond to etched dentin and create a hybrid layer, even if the dentin is dried. 2,490.00 16% off Select HV Etch is used to condition the tooth structure before bonding adhesives, composites, or sealants. Rated 5 out of 5 by RosyDental from Love Vitrebond!! Mechanical Press Machine For Sale, Tu direccin de correo electrnico no ser publicada. The FT-IR plots of the materials before and after the etching procedure are shown in Fig. 1st half review flashcards from d m. on StudyBlue. 0000034740 00000 n Crowns cemented with self-etch resin cements (those requiring application of two bottles of primer before . After the second 2-minute wash the tubules looked noticeably cleaner and blanched. The after etch is then done to remove the etching chemicals and any remaining material. The overarching advantage of these systems is the near absence of postoperative sensitivity. 1. Sixty extracted human third molars were collected, and their midcoronal occlusal dentin was used for the microtensile bond strength test. It is recommended that the surfaces be left moist after rinsing. 18008 Bothell Everett Hwy SE # F, Bothell, WA 98012. 3. orSelectively etch enamel for 15 seconds etch enamel and dentin for 15 seconds. Restorations were removed and gingival fl oors analyzed to determine the percentage of surface area stained in each of 3 0.5-mm wide zones.